LINKING AADHAR WITH VOTER ID - GOVERNANCE
News: The
concerns over linking Aadhaar with voter IDs
What's in the news?
● Around
60% of India’s electors now have
their Aadhaar number linked to their name on the voter rolls.
● Activists
have raised concerns on disenfranchisement, coercion and privacy as a result of
the exercise, which has achieved saturation of over 90% in States like Tripura,
which went to the polls recently, while lagging behind in Gujarat and Delhi,
where only around 30% of the electorate has provided an Aadhaar number to
election officials.
Key takeaways:
● The
linking is being carried out by filling Form
6B, which is provided by election officials going door-to-door to collect
Aadhaar or alternate ID from registered voters.
● The
form was the result of the Election Laws
(Amendment) Act passed in 2021 to allow the linking of Voter IDs and
Aadhaar.
● While
the Election Commission (EC) maintains that providing an Aadhaar is optional,
Form 6B requires voters to declare that they do not have an Aadhaar to avoid
providing the number.
Why does the government want this?
● The
EC conducts regular exercises to maintain an updated and accurate record of the
voter base.
● A
part of this exercise is to weed out
duplication of voters, such as migrant workers who may have been registered
more than once on the electoral rolls in different constituencies or for
persons registered multiple times within the same constituency.
● As
per the government, linkage of Aadhaar with voter IDs will assist in ensuring
that only one Voter ID is issued per citizen of India.
Is the linking of Aadhaar with one’s Voter ID
mandatory?
● In
December 2021, Parliament passed the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021 to amend the Representation of the People Act,
1950, inter alia.
● Section 23(4)
was inserted in the RPA, 1950.
● It
states that the electoral registration officer may “for the purpose of
establishing the identity of any person” or “for the purposes of authentication
of entries in electoral roll of more than one constituency or more than once in
the same constituency” for citizens already enrolled, require them to furnish
their Aadhaar numbers.
● To
reflect this, the government notified changes to the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960.
● Rule
26B was added to provide that “every person whose name is listed in the roll
may intimate his Aadhar number to the registration officer”.
● Although,
the use of discretionary language
throughout the amendments have been accompanied by assurances by both the
government and the EC that linkage of the Aadhaar with Voter ID is optional,
this does not seem to be reflected in Form 6B issued under the new Rule 26B.
● The
preference to use Aadhaar for verification and authentication, both by the
state and private sector, stems from two reasons.
a. First,
at the end of 2021, 99.7% of the adult
Indian population had an Aadhaar card.
b. Second,
since Aadhaar allows for biometric
authentication, Aadhaar based authentication and verification is considered
more reliable, quicker and cost efficient when compared to other IDs.
Puttaswamy judgment:
● In
Puttaswamy, one of the questions that the Supreme Court explored was whether
the mandatory linking of Aadhaar with bank accounts was constitutional or not.
● The
Court held that depriving a person of their right to property for non-linkage
fell foul of the test of proportionality.
● It
needs to be considered whether requiring an Aadhaar holder to mandatorily
provide Aadhaar for authentication or verification would not be considered
violative of their informational
autonomy (right to privacy) which would allow them to decide which official
document they want to use for verification and authentication.
● Moreover,
in Lal Babu Hussein (1995), the Supreme
Court had held that the Right to
vote cannot be disallowed by insisting only on four proofs of identity - voters
can rely on any other proof of identity and obtain the right to vote.
Concerns:
● The
preference to Aadhaar for the purposes of determining voters is puzzling as Aadhaar is only a proof of residence and
not a proof of citizenship thus linkage will not remove voters who are not
citizens of India from the electoral rolls.
● The
estimate of error rates in biometric
based authentication differ widely. As per the UIDAI in 2018, Aadhaar based
biometric authentication had a 12% error rate.
● Lastly,
civil society has highlighted that linking of the two databases of electoral
rolls and Aadhaar could lead to the linkage of Aadhaar’s “demographic”
information with voter ID information, and lead to violation of the right to privacy and surveillance measures by the
state.
WAY FORWARD:
● It
is important that the government clarifies through correction in Form 6B that
the linking is not mandatory and expedites the enactment of a data protection
legislation that allays concerns of unauthorized processing of personal data
held by the government.